The Pleistocene is a key period for understanding the evolutionary history andpalaeobiogeography of the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). The spe-cies was first documented in southeastern Iberia at the beginning of the Mid-dle Pleistocene and appears to have rapidly spread throughout SouthwesternEurope, where it was found in numerous palaeontological and archeologicalsites. However, this long period (700 ka) saw significant climatic and envi-ronmental changes, and the extent to which these events influenced the spe-cies' biogeography and impacted the morphological variability is still unclear.This study examines the evolutionary history of European rabbits in south-western Europe based on 55 fossil populations (55 stratigraphic units from42 localities) in Southwestern Europe, spanning from the Middle to Late Pleis-tocene, using osteometric analyses on postcranial bones and 2D geometricmorphometrics on the third lower premolar (p3). Results highlight substantialvariation in bone size over time, suggesting a temporal association with cli-matic shifts. The p3 analysis reveals major morphological changes, with theoldest populations (MIS16-12) distinct from those of MIS11-6. From MIS6onward, morphological evolution appears more gradual until MIS2, with dis-tinct differences from modern populations. These findings identify variousphases of biological rupture and continuity, suggesting local persistence,extinction, and recolonization phases. The palaeobiogeography of Europeanrabbits was shaped by climatic oscillations and ecogeographical barriers, nota-bly between the east and west of the Iberian Peninsula and southern France.The post-glacial recolonization of France at the end of MIS 2 likely originatedfrom Iberia, facilitated by climate improvement and the return of the Atlanticforest.